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Related Concept Videos

Imbalances in Cardiac Output01:26

Imbalances in Cardiac Output

The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
CHF can occur due to the failure of either side of the heart. Left-side failure leads to pulmonary congestion—the right side continues to send blood...
Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
PD Controller: Design01:26

PD Controller: Design

In automotive engineering, car suspension systems often employ Proportional Derivative (PD) controllers to enhance performance. PD controllers are utilized to adjust the damping force in response to road conditions. A controller, acting as an amplifier with a constant gain, demonstrates proportional control, with output directly mirroring input.
Designing a continuous-data controller requires selecting and linking components like adders and integrators, which are fundamental in Proportional,...
Phase-lead and Phase-lag Controllers01:22

Phase-lead and Phase-lag Controllers

Understanding the working function of different types of controllers can be illustrated with practical analogies, such as adjusting a stereo's volume equalizer. Cranking up the bass involves a phase-lead controller, which functions as a high-pass filter, while increasing the treble uses a phase-lag controller, which acts as a low-pass filter. PD controllers, similar to high-pass filters, enhance the system's response to high-frequency components. PI controllers, akin to low-pass filters, manage...
Effects of feedback01:24

Effects of feedback

Feedback in control systems plays a critical role in shaping various operational parameters, extending beyond simple error reduction to influence stability, bandwidth, gain, impedance, and sensitivity. Understanding these effects requires examining a basic feedback system characterized by defined input, output, error, and feedback signals.
Feedback significantly modifies the gain of a control system. The gain of a system without feedback is altered by a factor of one plus GH, where G represents...
Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm01:19

Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm

The normal cardiac rhythm is a synchronized electrical activity that facilitates the regular and coordinated contraction of the heart muscle. This process is essential for efficient blood circulation throughout the body. The fundamental elements involved in establishing and maintaining this rhythm include the unique electrical properties of cardiac muscle cells, the sinoatrial (SA) node's pacemaker function, the specialized conducting system, and the ionic mechanisms underlying each phase of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Benefits of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in an Asynchronous Heart Failure Model Induced by Left Bundle Branch Ablation and Rapid Pacing
12:45

Benefits of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in an Asynchronous Heart Failure Model Induced by Left Bundle Branch Ablation and Rapid Pacing

Published on: December 11, 2017

Enhancing Communication Robustness for Leadless Pacemakers: 2-DOF Gain Compensation Across Physiologic and Pathologic

Dongming Li, Xia Yu, Guanhui Lin

    IEEE Transactions on Bio-Medical Engineering
    |June 24, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study introduces an adaptive receiver for leadless pacemakers, improving communication reliability in the heart. The novel system stabilizes signals during rhythm changes, significantly reducing errors for better device function.

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    Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

    Benefits of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in an Asynchronous Heart Failure Model Induced by Left Bundle Branch Ablation and Rapid Pacing
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    Published on: December 11, 2017

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    Bidirectional Electrical and Optoelectronic Interfaces in Healthy and Ischemic Ex Vivo Rat Hearts
    08:33

    Bidirectional Electrical and Optoelectronic Interfaces in Healthy and Ischemic Ex Vivo Rat Hearts

    Published on: July 18, 2025

    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Implantable Medical Devices
    • Wireless Communication

    Background:

    • Implantable Medical Devices (IMDs) are transitioning to networked systems requiring reliable communication.
    • Leadless pacemakers (LCPs) face challenges due to dynamic and pathological intracardiac environments, including signal fades during atrioventricular (AV) block.
    • Existing communication systems struggle with the variability of biological channels.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop an adaptive receiver for robust intracardiac communication in multi-chamber LCPs.
    • To address signal instability and communication failures caused by physiological and pathological conditions.
    • To enhance the reliability of communication links within the heart.

    Main Methods:

    • Proposed an adaptive receiver utilizing a Super-Regenerative Receiver (SRR) and a hybrid analog-digital Automatic Gain Control (AGC).
    • Implemented a beat-synchronous two-degree-of-freedom (2-DOF) control strategy using peak Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) as a rhythm surrogate.
    • Validated the architecture through Hardware in-the-Loop (HIL) testing, ex vivo porcine heart models (Mobitz Type II AV block), and in vivo porcine studies (ATP-provoked AV block).

    Main Results:

    • The 2-DOF controller achieved signal stabilization within 1% under >15dB channel variations.
    • Reduced Bit Error Rate (BER) by one to two orders of magnitude, with an improvement factor >60 at 5kbps.
    • Demonstrated stable gain control and preserved digital demodulation during induced transient AV-block-like conditions in vivo.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed adaptive receiver architecture offers a promising solution for robust intracardiac communication.
    • Enables stable and reliable data transmission essential for future multi-chamber LCP systems.
    • Significantly improves communication resilience in challenging biological environments.