Quantitative Preclinical Imaging as a Metrological Framework: Reproducibility, Validation, and Translational Maturity

Quantitative preclinical imaging enables non-invasive characterization of physiological, molecular, and functional processes providing measurable biomarkers for longitudinal and translational studies. This review systematically analyzes 60 studies published between 2015 and 2025, covering major imaging modalities including Positron emission tomography (PET), Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Computed Tomography (CT), optical imaging, and hybrid systems across murine and zebrafish models. We examine methodological frameworks for parameter extraction, reproducibility, and validation against biological reference standards, evaluating each modality through a cross-cutting analytical framework that distinguishes technical, biological, and computational sources of quantitative variance and identifies the current metrological maturity of harmonization infrastructure across platforms. Key comparative findings indicate that variability sources can be broadly categorized into technical (instrumentation, reconstruction, calibration) and biological (physiological heterogeneity, model-specific factors), with their interaction governing overall measurement uncertainty. Emerging computational approaches, including parametric modeling and artificial intelligence-assisted pipelines, show potential in reducing variance and improving parameter stability, although they introduce additional dependencies requiring validation. Collectively, this review frames quantitative preclinical imaging as a metrological discipline, emphasizing that reproducibility, bias control, and cross-modality harmonization are critical for generating robust and translationally relevant imaging biomarkers.