Effects of Sintering Parameters on the Microstructure and Optical Transmittance of Monolithic 4 mol% Yttria-Partially...

High-translucency 4 mol% yttria-partially stabilized zirconia (4Y-PSZ) is widely used for esthetic restorations, but sintering conditions that balance translucency and microstructural control remain unclear. This study evaluated the independent effects of peak temperature, holding time, and heating rate on the microstructure and total luminous transmittance of monolithic 4Y-PSZ. Disks were sintered at peak temperatures of 1470-1560 °C, holding times of 30-180 min, and heating rates of 3-10 °C/min. Grain size and internal defect density (≥0.5 µm) were quantified by scanning electron microscopy, and total luminous transmittance at 0.5 mm thickness was measured using a spectrophotometer. Higher peak temperatures and longer holding times increased grain size (0.481 ± 0.020 to 0.785 ± 0.035 µm, and 0.503 ± 0.037 to 0.730 ± 0.041 µm, respectively) and reduced defect density, whereas heating rate had no significant effect on either. Transmittance remained within a narrow range (approximately 40-43% at 0.5 mm) across all schedules, with 1560 °C yielding the lowest value. These findings indicate that the microstructure of monolithic 4Y-PSZ is governed primarily by peak temperature and holding time, while transmittance is relatively insensitive to the sintering schedule. Practically, a peak temperature of 1500-1530 °C with a 1-2 h hold provides a robust processing window balancing densification, grain coarsening, and optical performance for clinical workflows.