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Updated: Jan 10, 2026

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Optimized 3D-Printed Polylactic Acid/Graphene Oxide Scaffolds for Enhanced Bone Regeneration.

Jung-Tae Lee1, Dajung Lee2, Ye-Seul Jung3

  • 1Department of Periodontics, One-Stop Specialty Center, Seoul National University, Dental Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.

Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Optimized polylactic acid/graphene oxide scaffolds (PLA/GO) with specific pore sizes (558 μm and 562 μm) demonstrate improved mechanical properties and enhanced bone regeneration. This research advances bone tissue engineering by balancing stability and biological performance.

Keywords:
3D printingbiomechanicsbone regenerationgraphene oxidepolylactic acidpore sizescaffold

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Three-dimensional (3D) printing offers potential for bone regeneration scaffolds, but optimal design and pore size are undetermined.
  • Polylactic acid (PLA) with graphene oxide (GO) shows promise for enhanced mechanical and biological properties in bone regeneration scaffolds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of structural design and pore size on the performance of 3D printed PLA/GO scaffolds for bone regeneration.
  • To identify optimal scaffold parameters balancing mechanical stability and osteogenic potential.

Main Methods:

  • Fabricated PLA/GO scaffolds with two architectures (lattice and dode) and varied pore sizes using UV-curable resin.
  • Assessed scaffold properties via physical accuracy, porosity, compression, and fatigue testing.
  • Evaluated biocompatibility and bone regeneration in rat and rabbit calvarial defect models.

Main Results:

  • Scaffolds with 558 μm and 562 μm pore sizes exhibited favorable mechanical properties and fracture behavior.
  • In vivo studies confirmed excellent biocompatibility for both pore sizes.
  • The 558 μm scaffold promoted early bone formation, while the 562 μm scaffold supported more mature bone regeneration.

Conclusions:

  • Optimized PLA/GO scaffolds (558 μm and 562 μm) demonstrate a balance between mechanical stability and biological performance for bone tissue engineering.
  • Threshold mechanical properties significantly influence osteogenesis in 3D printed scaffolds.
  • This study provides a translational strategy for developing effective bone regeneration materials.