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Related Concept Videos

Oscillations In An LC Circuit01:30

Oscillations In An LC Circuit

An idealized LC circuit of zero resistance can oscillate without any source of emf by shifting the energy stored in the circuit between the electric and magnetic fields. In such an LC circuit, if the capacitor contains a charge q before the switch is closed, then all the energy of the circuit is initially stored in the electric field of the capacitor. This energy is given by
LC Circuits01:21

LC Circuits

An LC circuit consists of an inductor and a capacitor, either in series or parallel. Consider a charged capacitor connected with an inductor in series. Before the switch is closed, all the energy of the circuit is stored in the electric field of the capacitor. When the switch is closed, the capacitor begins to discharge, producing a current in the circuit. The current, in turn, creates a magnetic field in the inductor. Because of the induced emf in the inductor, the current cannot change...
Design Example: Underdamped Parallel RLC Circuit01:17

Design Example: Underdamped Parallel RLC Circuit

Consider designing an oscillator circuit, a crucial component in various electronic devices and systems. The objective is to create an oscillator circuit with specific characteristics: a damped natural frequency of 4 kHz and a damping factor of 4 radians per second. To accomplish this, a parallel RLC circuit is employed, known for its ability to sustain oscillations at a resonant frequency. In this case, the damping factor is pivotal in achieving the desired performance.
Starting with a fixed...
Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit01:20

Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit

In integrated circuit technology, a capacitance multiplier is often utilized to produce a larger capacitance value when a small physical capacitance falls short. This is achieved by a circuit that multiplies capacitance values by a factor of up to 1000, such that a 10-pF capacitor can replicate the performance of a 100-nF capacitor.
The circuit illustrated in Figure 1 below incorporates two op-amps, with the first operating as a voltage follower and the second acting as an inverting amplifier.
RLC Circuit as a Damped Oscillator01:30

RLC Circuit as a Damped Oscillator

An RLC circuit combines a resistor, inductor, and capacitor, connected in a series or parallel combination.
Consider a series RLC circuit. Here, the presence of resistance in the circuit leads to energy loss due to joule heating in the resistance. Therefore, the total electromagnetic energy in the circuit is no longer constant and decreases with time. Since the magnitude of charge, current, and potential difference continuously decreases, their oscillations are said to be damped. This is...
Applications of RC Circuits01:22

Applications of RC Circuits

A relaxation oscillator is one of the applications of RC circuits. A neon lamp relaxation oscillator comprises a capacitor, a resistor, a voltage source, and a lamp. The lamp acts like an open circuit, with infinite resistance until the potential difference across the lamp reaches a specific voltage. At that voltage, the lamp acts like a short circuit with zero resistance, and the capacitor discharges through the lamp, thus producing light. Once the capacitor is fully discharged through the...

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Design and Characterization Methodology for Efficient Wide Range Tunable MEMS Filters
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Reliability-Aware Microsystem Design; Compensation for an Ultra-Low-Power Current-Reuse LC-VCO.

Tayebeh Azadmousavi1, Ebrahim Ghafar-Zadeh2

  • 1Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bonab, Bonab 5551395133, Iran.

Micromachines
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces an ultra-low-power current-reuse voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) with a self-detecting-correcting (SDC) bias scheme. The SDC scheme ensures stable radio frequency (RF) circuit performance despite manufacturing variations and transistor aging.

Keywords:
current-reuse voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO)mobilityphase noisereliabilitythreshold voltage

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Area of Science:

  • Electrical Engineering
  • Integrated Circuit Design
  • Radio Frequency (RF) Engineering

Background:

  • Aggressive technology scaling increases manufacturing variations and transistor aging, degrading RF circuit performance, especially in voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs).
  • Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) offer performance enhancements but are susceptible to process variations and aging effects impacting transistor parameters.
  • Existing VCO designs struggle to maintain stable operation under these reliability challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present an ultra-low-power current-reuse VCO designed for stable performance under process variability and reliability-induced parameter shifts.
  • To introduce a self-detecting-correcting (SDC) bias scheme for robust VCO operation.
  • To validate the effectiveness of the SDC scheme in mitigating performance drift.

Main Methods:

  • Development of an ultra-low-power current-reuse VCO architecture.
  • Implementation of a self-detecting-correcting (SDC) bias scheme utilizing body-bias control.
  • Derivation of analytical relations for threshold voltage and mobility variations.
  • Post-layout simulations in 130 nm CMOS technology and Monte Carlo analysis (500 runs).

Main Results:

  • The SDC scheme successfully preserves oscillation frequency, phase noise, and figure of merit (FoM) despite 18% variations in threshold voltage and carrier mobility.
  • Mitigation of output amplitude imbalance inherent in conventional current-reuse VCOs.
  • Demonstrated low sensitivity to fabrication uncertainty with low standard deviations for phase noise, oscillation frequency, and FoM.
  • Achieved -124 dBc/Hz phase noise at 1 MHz offset near 2.4 GHz with ultra-low power consumption (175 μW) from a 0.9 V supply.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed SDC bias scheme effectively enhances the robustness of current-reuse VCOs against process variations and aging.
  • This approach maintains critical performance metrics like frequency stability and phase noise.
  • The design offers a promising solution for reliable and stable RF circuits in advanced CMOS technologies.