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Salinity Sensor Using a Tapered Polarization-Maintaining Fiber-Based Sagnac Loop in a Fiber Ring Laser with Support
Weihao Lin1, Zihan Huang1, Keyu Cai1
1The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Flexible Manufacturing Equipment Integration of Fujian Province, Xiamen Institute of Technology, Xiamen 361021, China.
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 26, 2026
Summary
This study introduces a novel fiber ring laser (FRL) salinity sensor using a Sagnac loop (SL) for precise measurements. The system achieves high accuracy by combining laser advantages with AI algorithms, improving salinity detection.
Area of Science:
- Optical Sensing
- Fiber Optics
- Metrology
Background:
- Salinity measurement is crucial in various environmental and industrial applications.
- Traditional optical sensing methods often face limitations in sensitivity and signal quality.
- Fiber optic sensors offer advantages like remote sensing and immunity to electromagnetic interference.
Purpose of the Study:
- To propose and demonstrate a fiber ring laser (FRL) based salinity sensing system.
- To enhance the accuracy and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of salinity measurements.
- To integrate artificial intelligence for improved spectral data analysis and salinity determination.
Main Methods:
- Constructed a Sagnac loop (SL) using a tapered polarization-maintaining fiber (TPMF).
- Utilized the FRL to narrow the optical spectrum and boost the SNR.
- Employed support vector regression (SVR) for advanced linear regression modeling of spectral data.
Main Results:
- Achieved a high sensitivity of 97 pm/‱ for salinity detection over a 0–30‱ range.
- Demonstrated a significant SNR improvement from 22 dB to approximately 54 dB.
- Reduced mean absolute error (MAE) to 0.04‱ and root mean square error (RMSE) to 0.11‱ using SVR.
Conclusions:
- The FRL-SL system offers a highly sensitive and accurate method for salinity measurement.
- The integration of SVR algorithm significantly enhances the precision of salinity determination.
- This work presents the first combination of laser-based salinity sensing with AI for superior performance.
