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Related Concept Videos

Nucleic Acid Structure01:25

Nucleic Acid Structure

The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
DNA Structure
DNA has a double-helix structure. The...
Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...
Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...
Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing specific...
Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing specific...

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Updated: Jun 27, 2026

DNA-Tethered RNA Polymerase for Programmable In vitro Transcription and Molecular Computation
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DNA-Tethered RNA Polymerase for Programmable In vitro Transcription and Molecular Computation

Published on: December 29, 2021

A Molecular Grammar for Programmable Multiphase Protein-RNA Vesicles.

Vysakh Ramachandran1, Davit A Potoyan1,2,3

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States.

JACS Au
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists discovered a molecular grammar governing how protein-RNA interactions form organized biomolecular condensates. This grammar dictates diverse structures, including vesicles, through sequence-encoded amphiphile self-assembly, offering new insights into cellular organization.

Keywords:
biomolecular condensatescoarse-grained simulationshollow condensatesmolecular grammarmultiphase vesiclesphase separationprotein−RNA interactions

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Preparation, Purification, and Use of Fatty Acid-containing Liposomes
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Preparation, Purification, and Use of Fatty Acid-containing Liposomes

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

DNA-Tethered RNA Polymerase for Programmable In vitro Transcription and Molecular Computation
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Preparation, Purification, and Use of Fatty Acid-containing Liposomes
10:43

Preparation, Purification, and Use of Fatty Acid-containing Liposomes

Published on: February 9, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Biomolecular condensates form via phase separation, exhibiting complex internal organization.
  • The molecular principles linking sequence-encoded interactions to condensate morphology are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the molecular grammar governing the formation and morphology of multiphase protein-RNA condensates.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms driving spontaneous formation of vesicular condensates.

Main Methods:

  • Large-scale, residue-level coarse-grained simulations of protein-RNA interactions.
  • Analysis of how interaction asymmetries, stoichiometry, chain length, and density influence condensate structure.

Main Results:

  • Identified a molecular grammar controlling condensate morphology (homogeneous, layered, biphasic, vesicle-like).
  • Demonstrated spontaneous vesicular condensate formation without oversaturation or extreme charge imbalance.
  • Rationalized morphological progression as sequence-encoded amphiphile self-assembly.

Conclusions:

  • Protein-RNA condensate morphology is predictable from sequence-encoded interactions and component stoichiometry.
  • The protein-RNA complex acts as a single-chain amphiphile, with its packing parameter determining phase behavior.
  • Findings offer a new framework for understanding condensate formation and spatial organization.