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Related Concept Videos

Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment01:26

Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment

Anticholinesterases, also known as cholinesterase inhibitors, work by blocking the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading to its accumulation in the synaptic cleft. This accumulation indirectly enhances both muscarinic and nicotinic actions. These agents are classified as reversible or irreversible based on their mechanism of action.     
Irreversible agents form a strong bond with the cholinesterase enzyme, making it inactive. The breakdown of the phosphorylated enzyme is slower than the...
Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:29

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists are agents that interact with the acetylcholinesterase enzyme in the synaptic cleft, preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine into choline and acetate. Consequently, the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft increases. These agonists can be classified into reversible and irreversible inhibitors based on their duration of action.
Reversible inhibitors display short to medium durations of action. Short-acting agents include simple alcohols with...
Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Mechanism of Action01:18

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Mechanism of Action

Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists work by interacting with an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the synaptic cleft. They can be reversible or irreversible inhibitors and have different effects on the enzyme.
Reversible inhibitors like edrophonium bind to a specific part of the enzyme called the anionic catalytic site. They form noncovalent bonds, which means they are not strongly attached to the enzyme. This creates a temporary and less stable enzyme–inhibitor complex, leading to...
Antidotes01:17

Antidotes

Antidotes are medicinal substances used to counteract the harmful effects of toxins or drugs in the body. They function in various ways, each uniquely designed to combat specific toxic compounds.
Specific antidotes operate by inhibiting the enzymes that control biochemical pathways, reducing the production of harmful metabolites.
An example of an antidote is atropine, which counteracts the detrimental effects of cholinesterase inhibitors. It achieves this by deactivating muscarinic receptors,...
Protecting Groups for Aldehydes and Ketones: Introduction01:23

Protecting Groups for Aldehydes and Ketones: Introduction

Protecting groups are compounds that can bind to a specific functional group in the presence of other functional groups to protect them from undesired chemical reactions. These compounds can selectively bind to particular functional groups and advance chemoselective reactions in polyfunctional systems (Figure 1). After the functional group has served its purpose, it is removed by reacting it with specific compounds.
Protection of Alcohols02:31

Protection of Alcohols

This lesson delves into the concept of protection and deprotection of a functional group fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry. These phenomena are explained in the context of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols.
Protection
It defines a protecting group as the masking agent to make the more reactive species inert to a given set of conditions. This concept is depicted via the illustration of liquid flow through different outlets in an assembly of pipes. The analogy helps to understand the role...

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Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Opsono-Adherence Assay to Evaluate Functional Antibodies in Vaccine Development Against Bacillus anthracis and Other Encapsulated Pathogens
13:47

Opsono-Adherence Assay to Evaluate Functional Antibodies in Vaccine Development Against Bacillus anthracis and Other Encapsulated Pathogens

Published on: May 19, 2020

Antibody-Assisted Protection from Paraoxon and Nerve Agent Model Compounds.

Charles M Thompson1, Jorge Gomez-Galeno1, John R Cashman1

  • 1Human BioMolecular Research Institute, 6351 Nancy Ridge Drive, Suite B, San Diego, California 92121, United States.

Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Developing novel monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with 2-PAM can enhance organophosphorus (OP) degradation. This approach may offer a new strategy to reduce OP toxicity by increasing clearance and promoting OP breakdown.

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Biosensor-based High Throughput Biopanning and Bioinformatics Analysis Strategy for the Global Validation of Drug-protein Interactions

Published on: December 1, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Toxicology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Organophosphorus (OP) compounds pose a significant toxicological threat.
  • Current treatments for OP exposure primarily manage symptoms and do not enhance OP clearance or degradation.
  • Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition is the primary mechanism of acute OP toxicity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop novel therapeutic strategies for organophosphorus (OP) exposure.
  • To create monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) capable of degrading OPs.
  • To investigate the synergistic effect of mAbs and 2-PAM in OP detoxification.

Main Methods:

  • Design of haptens using transition state analogy for antibody generation.
  • Procurement and characterization of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs).
  • Assessment of mAb efficacy in combination with 2-PAM for OP hydrolysis and degradation.

Main Results:

  • Novel mAbs were generated that recognize and bind to OPs.
  • The combination of mAbs and 2-PAM significantly increased the hydrolysis of paraoxon (POX).
  • These mAbs promoted the degradation of nerve agent mimics in the presence of 2-PAM.

Conclusions:

  • Monoclonal antibodies designed using transition state analogy show promise for OP degradation.
  • The synergistic action of mAbs and 2-PAM offers a potential new therapeutic avenue for OP exposure.
  • This approach could lead to improved methods for reducing OP toxicity by enhancing clearance and degradation.