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Related Concept Videos

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences01:17

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.
Aliasing01:18

Aliasing

Accurate signal sampling and reconstruction are crucial in various signal-processing applications. A time-domain signal's spectrum can be revealed using its Fourier transform. When this signal is sampled at a specific frequency, it results in multiple scaled replicas of the original spectrum in the frequency domain. The spacing of these replicas is determined by the sampling frequency.
If the sampling frequency is below the Nyquist rate, these replicas overlap, preventing the original signal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators
12:18

Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators

Published on: August 5, 2013

Tunable microwave frequency synthesis with optically-derived spectral purity.

James Greenberg1, Scott C Egbert2, William F McGrew2

  • 1Boulder Research Labs, IMRA America, Inc., Longmont, CO, USA. jgreenbe@imra.com.

Nature Communications
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel feed-forward electro-optic frequency division (eOFD) microwave synthesizer. This technique achieves octave-spanning tunability and high spectral purity without electronic synthesis, overcoming limitations of previous designs.

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Area of Science:

  • Microwave engineering
  • Optical physics
  • Signal processing

Background:

  • Microwave synthesizers are crucial for test and measurement systems.
  • Current microwave sources face trade-offs between frequency tunability and spectral purity.
  • Electro-optic frequency division (eOFD) offers a path to high-purity microwave generation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a feed-forward eOFD architecture for microwave synthesis.
  • To overcome the limited tunability of previous eOFD synthesizers.
  • To achieve octave-spanning tunability with high spectral purity without electronic frequency synthesis.

Main Methods:

  • Implemented a feed-forward electro-optic frequency division (eOFD) architecture.
  • Utilized optical spectral purity to generate microwave signals.
  • Cancelled phase noise without feedback stabilization loops.

Main Results:

  • Achieved octave-spanning tunability across the X-band (8-16 GHz).
  • Demonstrated phase noise below -140 dBc/Hz at kilohertz offsets.
  • Obtained a noise floor between -155 dBc/Hz and -145 dBc/Hz, enabling single-femtosecond timing jitter.

Conclusions:

  • The feed-forward eOFD approach preserves frequency tunability while dividing optical spectral purity to the microwave domain.
  • This method removes limitations associated with feedback stabilization and electronic synthesis.
  • The demonstrated synthesizer offers a significant advancement for high-performance microwave signal generation.