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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against specific...
Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells02:53

Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells

Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
Some of the advantages that cancer cells have on normal cells include - enhanced ability to divide without terminally differentiating, induce new blood vessel formation,...
Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells02:53

Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells

Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
Some of the advantages that cancer cells have on normal cells include - enhanced ability to divide without terminally differentiating, induce new blood vessel formation,...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

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In Vivo Immunogenicity Screening of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles by Flow Cytometry of Splenic T Cells
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Published on: September 23, 2021

Material-Encoded Synchronization of Immunogenic Cell Death With Adenosine A2A Receptor Blockade Reprograms the Tumor

Xiangting Yi1, Hanlou Yang1, Junting Huang1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Natural Bioactive Molecules and Discovery of Innovative Drugs, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|June 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces BSCS@PHY, a novel therapy that synchronizes cancer cell death with blocking adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) signaling. This approach enhances anti-tumor immunity and improves tumor control, especially when combined with immunotherapy.

Keywords:
adenosineadenosine 2A receptorimmunogenic cell deathnanosystemtumor microenvironment reprogramming

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Real Time Detection of In Vitro Tumor Cell Apoptosis Induced by CD8+ T Cells to Study Immune Suppressive Functions of Tumor-infiltrating Myeloid Cells

Published on: January 29, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Cancer Immunology
  • Nanomedicine

Background:

  • Adenosine suppresses antitumor immunity via the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR).
  • Immunogenic cell death (ICD) releases ATP, which converts to immunosuppressive adenosine.
  • Synchronizing ICD and A2AR blockade is crucial for effective cancer immunotherapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design a nanomedicine (BSCS@PHY) that simultaneously induces ICD and blocks local A2AR signaling.
  • To protect anti-tumor immune responses from adenosine-mediated suppression.
  • To enhance antigen priming and T-cell responses within the tumor microenvironment.

Main Methods:

  • BSCS@PHY integrates a bismuth-copper diselenide core, phase-change materials, A2AR antagonist SCH442416, and yeast cell wall components.
  • Thermography-guided irradiation activates the nanomedicine, inducing ICD and releasing the antagonist.
  • Chemodynamic therapy and photothermal therapy were employed for synergistic effects.

Main Results:

  • BSCS@PHY demonstrated image-guided activation, enhanced ICD hallmarks, and reduced adenosine signaling in 4T1 tumors.
  • The therapy promoted dendritic-cell maturation and T-cell priming, leading to improved tumor control.
  • Combined treatment with anti-PD-L1 showed additive therapeutic benefits.

Conclusions:

  • The material-encoded strategy effectively synchronizes ICD induction with local A2AR blockade.
  • BSCS@PHY offers a promising framework for enhancing immunotherapy in 'cold' tumors by targeting metabolic checkpoints.
  • Both A2AR blockade and yeast cell wall-mediated adjuvanticity play critical, non-redundant roles in the observed efficacy.