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Related Concept Videos

Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation01:30

Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation

Heart failure can be classified in various ways, with the most common classifications based on physical activity limitations, disease progression, severity, and treatment strategies.The Functional Classification of Heart Failure divides patients into four categories based on physical activity limitation due to symptom burden.Class I: Patients in this class have cardiac disease but no physical activity limitations. Ordinary activities like walking, climbing stairs, or routine tasks do not cause...
Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
Heart Failure V: Medical Management01:30

Heart Failure V: Medical Management

Medical Management of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF)The primary goals of therapy for patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) include:Relieving symptomsOptimizing volume statusSupporting oxygenation and ventilationMaintaining cardiac output (CO) and end-organ perfusionIdentifying and addressing the cause of ADHFPreventing complicationsProviding patient education on factors precipitating HF exacerbationPlanning for dischargeOngoing monitoring and assessment...
Heart Failure I: Introduction01:27

Heart Failure I: Introduction

Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...
Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
Heart Failure VI: Adjunct Therapies01:22

Heart Failure VI: Adjunct Therapies

Additional therapies for treating patients with heart failure (HF) may include procedural interventions, supplemental oxygen, the management of sleep disorders, and nutritional therapy.Procedural InterventionsImplantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator: For patients at risk of life-threatening arrhythmias due to severe left ventricular dysfunction, an Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator (ICD) can detect and terminate these arrhythmias, preventing sudden cardiac death and improving survival rates.

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Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

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Finerenone and Blood Pressure in Heart Failure With Mildly Reduced or Preserved Ejection Fraction: The FINEARTS-HF Randomized Clinical Trial.

JAMA cardiology·2026
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AHA/ACC/ESC/WHF Expert Consensus Document: Second Universal Definition of Heart Failure (2026).

Global heart·2026
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Health Status in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction in Asia: Insights From Global Trials.

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AHA/ACC/ESC/WHF Expert Consensus Document: Second Universal Definition of Heart Failure (2026).

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AHA/ACC/ESC/WHF Expert Consensus Document: Second Universal Definition of Heart Failure (2026).

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Sleep Apnea in Heart Failure With Mildly Reduced or Preserved Ejection Fraction: The FINEARTS-HF Trial.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
09:20

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

Published on: February 13, 2021

AHA/ACC/ESC/WHF Expert Consensus Document: Second Universal Definition of Heart Failure (2026).

Mary Norine Walsh, Lars Kober, Karen Sliwa

    Journal of the American College of Cardiology
    |June 29, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary

    The Second Universal Definition of Heart Failure standardizes terminology for heart failure (HF) and its stages. This aims to improve global prevention, diagnosis, and management of HF for better patient outcomes.

    Keywords:
    AHA Scientific Statementscardiomyopathiesheart failureheart failure, preserved ejection fractionheart failure, reduced ejection fractionstages of heart failure

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    A Surgical Model of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction in Tibetan Minipigs
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    A Surgical Model of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction in Tibetan Minipigs

    Published on: February 18, 2022

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    Last Updated: Jun 30, 2026

    Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
    09:20

    Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

    Published on: February 13, 2021

    A Surgical Model of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction in Tibetan Minipigs
    07:09

    A Surgical Model of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction in Tibetan Minipigs

    Published on: February 18, 2022

    Area of Science:

    • Cardiology
    • Public Health

    Background:

    • Heart failure (HF) prevalence is rising globally, complicated by ambiguous definitions hindering research and prevention.
    • Standardizing HF definitions is crucial for global surveillance, diagnosis, and management.
    • The 2021 consensus introduced Stage B (pre-HF) to identify at-risk individuals.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present the Second Universal Definition of Heart Failure, standardizing terminology and approach.
    • To facilitate a uniform framework for clinicians, researchers, health systems, and policymakers.
    • To improve global prevention, early detection, and management of heart failure.

    Main Methods:

    • A consensus document developed by cardiac societies and foundations.
    • Revision of HF classification based on clinical realities, moving beyond rigid ejection fraction cutoffs.
    • Inclusion of HF phenotypes (reduced, preserved, improved ejection fraction), causes, dynamic trajectories (improvement, remission, recovery), and social determinants.

    Main Results:

    • A new classification system for HF phenotypes (reduced, preserved, improved ejection fraction).
    • A universal classification of HF causes is proposed.
    • Acknowledgement of dynamic HF trajectories and the impact of social determinants and geographic variations on HF risk and outcomes.

    Conclusions:

    • The Second Universal Definition of Heart Failure provides a comprehensive, standardized framework.
    • This standardization aims to enhance prevention, early detection, and management of HF worldwide.
    • The ultimate goal is to improve patient care and advance global cardiovascular health.