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Related Concept Videos

Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation01:30

Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation

Heart failure can be classified in various ways, with the most common classifications based on physical activity limitations, disease progression, severity, and treatment strategies.The Functional Classification of Heart Failure divides patients into four categories based on physical activity limitation due to symptom burden.Class I: Patients in this class have cardiac disease but no physical activity limitations. Ordinary activities like walking, climbing stairs, or routine tasks do not cause...
Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
Heart Failure I: Introduction01:27

Heart Failure I: Introduction

Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...
Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
Heart Failure V: Medical Management01:30

Heart Failure V: Medical Management

Medical Management of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF)The primary goals of therapy for patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) include:Relieving symptomsOptimizing volume statusSupporting oxygenation and ventilationMaintaining cardiac output (CO) and end-organ perfusionIdentifying and addressing the cause of ADHFPreventing complicationsProviding patient education on factors precipitating HF exacerbationPlanning for dischargeOngoing monitoring and assessment...
Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations01:26

Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations

Heart failure (HF) manifests primarily as dyspnea, fatigue, and fluid retention, resulting in peripheral and pulmonary edema. Symptoms may vary depending on which ventricle is more affected, left or right.Left-Sided Heart FailureAlso known as left ventricular failure, this condition results from the left ventricle's inability to fill or eject sufficient blood into the systemic circulation. It leads to pulmonary congestion, which occurs when the left ventricle fails to eject blood effectively...

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Finerenone and Blood Pressure in Heart Failure With Mildly Reduced or Preserved Ejection Fraction: The FINEARTS-HF Randomized Clinical Trial.

JAMA cardiology·2026
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Health Status in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction in Asia: Insights From Global Trials.

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AHA/ACC/ESC/WHF Expert Consensus Document: Second Universal Definition of Heart Failure (2026).

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AHA/ACC/ESC/WHF Expert Consensus Document: Second Universal Definition of Heart Failure (2026).

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AHA/ACC/ESC/WHF Expert Consensus Document: Second Universal Definition of Heart Failure (2026).

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

A Surgical Model of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction in Tibetan Minipigs
07:09

A Surgical Model of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction in Tibetan Minipigs

Published on: February 18, 2022

AHA/ACC/ESC/WHF Expert Consensus Document: Second Universal Definition of Heart Failure (2026).

Mary Norine Walsh1, Lars Kober2, Karen Sliwa3

  • 1Ascension St. Vincent Heart Center, United States.

Global Heart
|July 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary

The Second Universal Definition of Heart Failure standardizes terminology for heart failure (HF) and its stages. This aims to improve global prevention, diagnosis, and management of HF, enhancing patient care and cardiovascular health.

Keywords:
AHA Scientific Statementscardiomyopathiesheart failureheart failure, preserved ejection fractionheart failure, reduced ejection fractionstages of heart failure

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Post-Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure in Closed-chest Coronary Occlusion/Reperfusion Model in Göttingen Minipigs and Landrace Pigs
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Post-Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure in Closed-chest Coronary Occlusion/Reperfusion Model in Göttingen Minipigs and Landrace Pigs

Published on: April 17, 2021

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Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

A Surgical Model of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction in Tibetan Minipigs
07:09

A Surgical Model of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction in Tibetan Minipigs

Published on: February 18, 2022

Post-Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure in Closed-chest Coronary Occlusion/Reperfusion Model in Göttingen Minipigs and Landrace Pigs
14:35

Post-Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure in Closed-chest Coronary Occlusion/Reperfusion Model in Göttingen Minipigs and Landrace Pigs

Published on: April 17, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Heart failure (HF) prevalence is rising globally, with ambiguous definitions hindering research and prevention.
  • Standardizing HF definitions is crucial for global surveillance, diagnosis, and management.
  • The 2021 consensus introduced Stage B (pre-HF) to identify at-risk individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the Second Universal Definition of Heart Failure, standardizing terminology and approach.
  • To facilitate a uniform framework for clinicians, researchers, health systems, and policymakers.
  • To improve global prevention, early detection, and management of heart failure.

Main Methods:

  • A consensus document developed by cardiac societies and foundations.
  • Revision of HF classification to include reduced, preserved, and improved ejection fraction categories.
  • Inclusion of HF causes, dynamic trajectories (improvement, remission, recovery), social determinants, and geographic variations.

Main Results:

  • A new, standardized definition and classification of heart failure phenotypes.
  • Moves beyond rigid ejection fraction cutoffs to better reflect clinical realities.
  • Addresses dynamic HF trajectories and the impact of social and geographic factors on outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • The Second Universal Definition provides a comprehensive framework for heart failure.
  • Aims to enhance global cardiovascular health through improved HF care.
  • Standardization will facilitate better prevention, diagnosis, and management worldwide.