Feline mammary hyperplasia: A comparative study of medical versus surgical treatment approaches

Feline mammary fibroepithelial hyperplasia (FMH) is a benign, progesterone-dependent mammary disorder that predominantly occurs in young intact female cats during or shortly after estrus. This condition is characterized by rapid and diffuse mammary enlargement, which often leads to discomfort and local inflammation.

This study aimed to describe the clinical, biochemical, and therapeutic aspects of FMH in cats and compare the outcomes of medical and surgical management approaches.

We evaluated 40 intact female cats diagnosed with FMH between 2023 and 2025. The clinical data, hormone levels, and imaging findings were recorded. Twenty-five cats received cabergoline (5 µg/kg orally once daily), and 15 underwent ovariohysterectomy (OHE). Serum progesterone and estradiol levels were statistically analyzed and measured.

The most commonly affected animal breeds were Persian (77.5%), followed by Egyptian Mau (12.5%) and Siamese (10%), with a mean age of 12.4 ± 6.5 months. Clinical examination revealed firm, swollen mammary lobes ranging from 2 to 13 cm in diameter, with 37.5% showing edema or inflammation. Progesterone levels were significantly higher in affected cats (16.27 ± 8.7 ng/ml) than in healthy controls (2.45 ± 1.78 ng/ml; p < 0.01), whereas estradiol levels showed a nonsignificant decrease (p = 0.066). Cabergoline therapy led to marked regression within 3-6 weeks in 84% of cats, while complete recovery was achieved after OHE within 2-4 weeks, without recurrence. The combined approach provided the fastest resolution and minimal complications.

FMH disorder in cats is closely associated with elevated progesterone levels. Although both medical and surgical management are effective, OHE offers a permanent cure, whereas cabergoline provides a safe, noninvasive alternative suitable for breeding females. Combined therapy may accelerate recovery and prevent relapse.