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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Single-Molecule Fluorescence Visualization of DNA Polymerase Dynamics at G-Quadruplexes
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Published on: April 4, 2025

Visible-Light-Controlled Formation of G-Quadruplexes.

Jorge S Valera1, Jorge Rodríguez-Durán1, Jorge J Cabrera-Trujillo2,3

  • 1Nanostructured Molecular Systems and Materials Group, Organic Chemistry Department, Science Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.

Organic Letters
|July 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Visible light can now control guanine (G)-quadruplex formation. Functionalized guanosine with photoswitches allows reversible assembly and disassembly of these G-quadruplex structures.

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Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular chemistry
  • Chemical biology
  • Photochemistry

Background:

  • Guanine (G)-quadruplexes are stable structures formed by G-quartets and metal cations.
  • Controlling G-quadruplex formation dynamically is crucial for various applications.
  • Existing methods for G-quadruplex control often lack external stimuli responsiveness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a method for visible light-controlled G-quadruplex assembly.
  • To investigate the direct functionalization of guanosine with photoswitches for G-quadruplex formation.
  • To compare the efficiency of different photoswitches in controlling G-quadruplex dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Direct functionalization of guanosine with ortho-substituted azobenzene (osAZO) and arylazopyrazole (AAP) photoswitches.
  • Formation of G-octamers using E isomers of photoswitch derivatives.
  • Induction of G-quadruplex disassembly using Z isomers of photoswitch derivatives.
  • Spectroscopic analysis and theoretical calculations to evaluate switching efficiency.

Main Results:

  • Visible light can control G-quadruplex formation and disassembly through direct guanine modification.
  • E isomers of osAZO and AAP derivatives promote G-quadruplex assembly into D4-symmetric G-octamers.
  • Z isomers of these photoswitches induce G-quadruplex disassembly.
  • The AAP derivative demonstrated near-quantitative reversible control over G-quadruplex formation.

Conclusions:

  • This study presents the first visible-light-controlled G-quadruplex assembly achieved by direct guanine modification.
  • Photoswitchable guanosine derivatives offer a novel platform for dynamic control of G-quadruplex structures.
  • The findings open new avenues for light-responsive biomaterials and molecular devices.