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Updated: Jul 10, 2026
![Mizoroki-Heck Cross-coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Dichloro{bis[1,1',1''-(phosphinetriyl)tripiperidine]}palladium Under Mild Reaction Conditions](/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudfront.jove.com%2FCDNSource%2Fteasers%2F51444.jpg&w=3840&q=50)
Mizoroki-Heck Cross-coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Dichloro{bis[1,1',1''-(phosphinetriyl)tripiperidine]}palladium Under Mild Reaction Conditions
Published on: March 20, 2014
Multivariate Screening-Guided Development of a Sustainable Copper- and Amine-Free Heck-Cassar-Sonogashira
Sokaina Hammoud1, Lydia Ouadfel1, Laurence Grimaud2
1Laboratoire D'Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR7200, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France.
Abstract:
Transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions have significantly advanced carbon-carbon bond formation. The Heck-Cassar-Sonogashira reaction, traditionally using Pd catalysts, copper cocatalysts, and amines in polar solvents, has drawbacks, including oxidative homocoupling and harmful solvents. Recent innovations address these issues with copper-free conditions, greener solvents, and alternative metals, but none offer a perfect solution. Starting from a recently characterized cationic palladium precatalyst, [Pd(π-allyl)(t-BuXPhos)]Cl, formed in situ in alcoholic solvents, we used a multivariate screening strategy to identify conditions allowing a copper- and amine-free Heck-Cassar-Sonogashira reaction using 0.25 mol % [Pd] loading with K3PO4 in ethanol at 40 °C. The protocol features broad substrate scope (34 examples), good functional group compatibility, high yields, and gram-scale applicability.
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