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Antimicrobial Effectiveness01:28

Antimicrobial Effectiveness

The effectiveness of antimicrobial agents depends on various factors influencing their ability to eliminate microbial populations. Larger microbial populations require more time for complete eradication, emphasizing the importance of population size analysis when evaluating antimicrobial efficacy.Microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents varies significantly. Highly resilient microorganisms include endospores, gram-negative bacteria, and non-enveloped viruses, while prions are exceptionally...

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In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Five Turkish Honey Types Against Otitis Externa Pathogens: A Comparative Study.

Serdal Celik1,2, Hamdi Sirac Gundogdu1,2, Nihat Arda Buyukasik1,2

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Istanbul Medeniyet University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye.

Sisli Etfal Hastanesi Tip Bulteni
|July 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Turkish thyme honey shows strong antimicrobial activity against otitis externa pathogens, offering potential as an alternative therapy for bacterial ear infections. However, it lacks efficacy against fungal infections.

Keywords:
Antimicrobial resistancehoneynatural antimicrobial agentsotitis externaphenolic content

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Natural Products Chemistry
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Antimicrobial resistance necessitates novel therapeutic strategies for common infections like otitis externa.
  • Honey possesses known antimicrobial properties, making it a candidate for alternative treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate and compare the in vitro antimicrobial activity of five distinct Turkish honey varieties.
  • To assess honey's efficacy against common otitis externa-associated microorganisms.

Main Methods:

  • Five Turkish honeys (thyme, pine, linden, sunflower, lavender) were analyzed for physicochemical properties.
  • Broth microdilution method (CLSI guidelines) determined Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs).
  • Eight pathogens, including *Pseudomonas aeruginosa*, *Staphylococcus aureus*, and *Candida* species, were tested.

Main Results:

  • Thyme honey exhibited the broadest antimicrobial spectrum (62.5%), with significant activity against *P. aeruginosa*.
  • Linden and lavender honeys inhibited 50% of tested organisms; lavender was most effective against *S. aureus*.
  • A positive correlation was found between total phenolic content and antimicrobial effect; thyme honey was richest in phenols and antioxidants.

Conclusions:

  • Turkish thyme honey demonstrates significant potential as an adjunctive therapy for bacterial otitis externa, particularly given rising antibiotic resistance.
  • The study highlights honey's limitations, showing no efficacy against tested *Candida* species, thus not suitable for fungal ear infections.