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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Controlled Strain of 3D Hydrogels under Live Microscopy Imaging
07:41

Controlled Strain of 3D Hydrogels under Live Microscopy Imaging

Published on: December 4, 2020

Bridging Liquid and Elastic Solid Impact Regimes Using Flexible Hydrogels.

Akash Chowdhury1, Surjyasish Mitra1, Sushanta K Mitra1,2

  • 1Micro & Nano-Scale Transport Laboratory, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|July 12, 2026
PubMed
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The elastic number (El) controls hydrogel drop impact dynamics. At low El, a hybrid response occurs with a liquid foot and pinned bulk drop, while high El shows neo-Hookean deformation independent of substrate wettability.

Area of Science:

  • Soft Matter Physics
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Impact dynamics of Newtonian liquids and rigid spheres are well-established.
  • Investigating the impact of soft elastic or viscoelastic materials is crucial for bridging this knowledge gap.
  • Understanding these dynamics is vital for applications like 3D bioprinting with biomaterial inks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally probe the impact dynamics of soft elastic hydrogel drops.
  • To identify critical parameters governing the post-impact spreading morphology and impact force.
  • To elucidate the influence of material properties (shear modulus) and substrate wettability on impact behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Experiments conducted with spherical polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogel drops/spheres.

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  • Varied shear moduli and impact velocities on hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrates.
  • Simultaneous high-speed imaging and piezoelectric force sensing to resolve transient morphology and impact force.

    • Main Results:

    • The elastic number (El) is identified as the critical control parameter.
    • At low El (< 1), a hybrid response is observed with a spreading liquid-rich foot and viscoelastic contact-line pinning of the bulk drop.
    • At high El (> 1), deformation follows neo-Hookean energy balance, independent of substrate wettability; impact force scales with El, consistent with theoretical predictions.

    Conclusions:

    • Hydrogel drop impact dynamics are governed by the elastic number, dictating distinct spreading and deformation behaviors.
    • Substrate wettability influences low El dynamics but not high El dynamics or peak impact forces.
    • Findings provide insights for tuning material properties for optimal performance in 3D bioprinting applications.