Recent advances in synthesis and biosensing applications of single-atom nanozymes

Single-atom nanozymes (SANs), with their atomically dispersed active sites, near-100% atomic utilization, and unique electronic structures, have demonstrated exceptional catalytic performance and promising potential in the field of biosensing. Furthermore, atomic-level structural design strategies complement precise synthesis methodologies, laying a solid foundation for the preparation and prediction of high-activity SANs. In this review, we summarize the latest research progress in the structural engineering design of SANs, with a focus on their application examples in three major biosensing platforms: electrochemical sensing, colorimetric detection, and electrochemiluminescence analysis. Finally, the current challenges of SANs, including low metal loading, insufficient stability, and difficulties in in situ characterization, are summarized. The review also looks forward to the design of next-generation integrated device sensing platforms, aiming to provide both a theoretical foundation and practical guidance for the development of high-performance biosensing and biomedical diagnostic platforms.