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Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Heterogeneous Removal of Water-Soluble Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalyst from Aqueous Media Via Host-Guest Interaction
Published on: August 23, 2018
Rational design and characterization of RuO2-based catalysts for the acidic oxygen evolution reaction guided by
Hai-Yi Sun1, Chen-Xi Li1, Na Xu1
1State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, PR China. ymchai@upc.edu.cn.
None:
Ruthenium dioxide (RuO2) is regarded as a promising alternative to iridium-based catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWEs) owing to its high intrinsic activity and relatively lower cost. Nevertheless, the activity-stability trade-off induced by competing reaction pathways under harsh acidic conditions severely restricts the large-scale industrial application of RuO2-based catalysts. An in-depth understanding of these reaction pathways is therefore critical for the precise structural design and performance optimization of RuO2-based catalysts. This review systematically summarizes three mainstream OER mechanisms of RuO2 catalysts in acidic environments, namely, the adsorbate evolution mechanism (AEM), lattice oxygen-mediated mechanism (LOM), and oxide path mechanism (OPM). Subsequently, the recent advances in reaction pathway regulation strategies, such as element doping, heterostructure engineering, and defect engineering, are highlighted with the aim to overcome the activity-stability trade-off. Furthermore, the critical role of in situ characterization technologies during the OER process in identifying the reaction intermediates and dynamic structural evolution is discussed. Finally, the remaining challenges and future directions for achieving precise control and industrial-scale applications are outlined, providing a foundation for designing high-performance, durable RuO2-based catalysts for sustainable hydrogen production.
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