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A Protocol for Electrochemical Evaluations and State of Charge Diagnostics of a Symmetric Organic Redox Flow Battery

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Self-Regulating Interfacial-Boosted Electrolytes for Fast-Charging and Long-Life Aqueous Batteries.

Huan Li¹, Liwei Jiang^1,2, Shaocheng Li¹

¹CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)

|July 14, 2026

Summary

This study introduces a novel self-regulating electrolyte for aqueous batteries, enhancing stability and performance. The new design prevents degradation, enabling longer cycle life and faster charging for safer, cost-effective energy storage.

Keywords:

aqueous sodium‐ion batteries cathode‐electrolyte interphase electrolyte design phosphate buffer trace water electrolysis

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Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications

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Published on: August 12, 2013

Area of Science:

Electrochemistry
Materials Science
Energy Storage

Background:

Aqueous batteries offer safe and affordable large-scale energy storage.
Interfacial degradation limits the long-term cycling stability of aqueous batteries.
Existing electrolytes struggle with trace water electrolysis, causing pH drift and electrode failure.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a self-regulating interfacial-boosted electrolyte for aqueous batteries.
To address challenges of pH stability, electrode dissolution, and limited electrochemical stability window (ESW).
To improve the overall cycling stability and performance of aqueous batteries.

Main Methods:

Introduction of phosphate-based components into wide-ESW electrolytes.
Utilizing intrinsic buffering capability for autonomous pH stabilization.
Formation of a protective cathode-electrolyte interphase in response to metal-ion dissolution.
Reconfiguration of ion solvation structure to enhance ESW and reduce interfacial impedance.

Main Results:

Demonstrated a self-regulating electrolyte in a Na₁.₈₅Mn[Fe(CN)₆]₀.₉₇·2H₂O//NaTi₂(PO₄)₃ full cell with 81.7 Wh kg^-1 energy density.
Achieved fast charging with 75% capacity retention from 1 C to 80 C.
Exhibited ultra-long cycling stability with 71% capacity retention after 20,000 cycles at 80 C.

Conclusions:

The proposed self-regulating electrolyte effectively enhances pH stability and prevents interfacial degradation.
This strategy provides a generalizable pathway for developing high-performance aqueous batteries.
The electrolyte design significantly improves cycling stability and fast-charging capabilities.