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Coverage Probability Analysis and Relay Placement Optimization for Two-Hop LoRa Networks with Random Traffic

Zongliang Xu¹, Guicai Yu²

¹School of Intelligent Science and Engineering, Qinghai Minzu University, Xining 810000, China.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|July 15, 2026

Summary

This study optimizes relay placement in two-hop LoRa networks to improve coverage probability. Optimized relay placement significantly enhances communication reliability for edge devices.

Keywords:

LoRa coverage probability intra-SF and inter-SF interference random traffic activation relay placement optimization two-hop communication

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Area of Science:

Wireless communication networks
Internet of Things (IoT)
Signal processing

Background:

Direct LoRa uplink transmissions suffer from path loss, noise, fading, and interference, reducing SINR and coverage.
Random traffic activation in LoRa networks further complicates interference and degrades reliability.
Existing solutions often overlook the impact of random traffic and multi-SF coexistence on coverage.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop an integrated framework for analyzing coverage probability in two-hop LoRa networks with random traffic activation.
To optimize the placement of decode-and-forward (DF) relays to maximize system coverage probability.
To enhance the communication reliability of edge-node transmissions in LoRa networks.

Main Methods:

A two-hop LoRa uplink network model incorporating path loss, noise, fading, and interference from random traffic activation.
Development of SINR-based coverage probability models for single-hop and two-hop transmissions, considering multi-SF coexistence.
Formulation of a relay placement optimization problem to maximize weighted average system coverage probability.

Main Results:

The proposed framework accurately models coverage probability considering random traffic and multi-SF interference.
Optimized relay placement significantly improves end-to-end coverage probability compared to fixed or random placement.
The random-traffic-aware relay placement strategy enhances overall communication reliability.

Conclusions:

The integrated framework provides a robust method for coverage analysis in complex LoRa networks.
Optimized relay placement is crucial for maximizing LoRa network performance and reliability.
The proposed approach effectively addresses challenges posed by random traffic and interference in IoT deployments.