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Classification and Mechanical Properties of Synthetic Polymers01:28

Classification and Mechanical Properties of Synthetic Polymers

Synthetic polymers are classified as elastomers, fibers, or plastics based on their crystallinity. Crystallinity, the degree of long-range order in the solid state, influences the mechanical properties (stretching or contracting) of elastomers. Elastomers are flexible polymers that can expand or contract easily upon the application of an external force. They have numerous crosslinks that pull them back into their original shape when stress is removed. Silicones, for instance, are highly elastic...

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Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Towards Biomimicking Wood: Fabricated Free-standing Films of Nanocellulose, Lignin, and a Synthetic Polycation
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Toward Predictive Design of Lignocellulosic Mycelium-Bound Composites: A Process-Structure-Property Framework,

Musiliu A Liadi1, Tawakalt O Ayodele1, Ibrahim A Bello2

  • 1Environmental and Conservation Sciences Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.

Polymers
|July 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Mycelium-bound composites (MBCs) are eco-friendly materials made from fungi and plant waste. This review synthesizes research, proposing a framework to standardize fabrication and testing for reproducible, scalable biomaterials.

Keywords:
biofabricationbiomaterialslignocellulosemycelium compositesstandardizationsustainability

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High-throughput Screening of Recalcitrance Variations in Lignocellulosic Biomass: Total Lignin, Lignin Monomers, and Enzymatic Sugar Release

Published on: September 15, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Biofabrication
  • Materials Science
  • Mycology

Background:

  • Mycelium-bound composites (MBCs) are biodegradable materials formed by fungal hyphae and lignocellulosic substrates.
  • Current research on MBCs is fragmented, lacking standardized methodologies and consistent property reporting.
  • This variability hinders the reliable development and application of these promising biomaterials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantitatively and conceptually integrate existing studies on MBC fabrication and properties.
  • To analyze how fabrication variables influence MBC density, porosity, and mechanical performance.
  • To propose a framework for standardization and identify pathways for commercialization.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review and quantitative synthesis of published MBC research.
  • Analysis of fabrication variables: fungal species, substrate, growth conditions, post-processing.
  • Development of a process-structure-property (PSP) framework.
  • Assessment of technology readiness levels (TRLs).

Main Results:

  • Densification and moisture conditioning significantly impact compressive strength, often more than fungal species.
  • Reported compressive strength varies widely (0.05-1.2 MPa) due to inconsistent testing and conditioning.
  • A PSP framework was proposed to explain property variations and guide future research.
  • Critical gaps in standardization were identified, with proposed protocols for reproducibility.

Conclusions:

  • Standardized protocols and reporting guidelines are crucial for reproducible MBC development.
  • The proposed PSP framework aids in understanding and optimizing MBC properties.
  • Further research is needed to bridge the gap between lab-scale innovation and commercial viability.
  • MBCs show potential for scalable, standardized, and application-ready biomaterials with further development.