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Simulating the First Step: An Affordable ex vivo Tissue Model for Trocar Placement Training.

Yukti Sah¹, Anaya Garg¹, Benjamin Fisher¹

¹Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.

Advances in Medical Education and Practice

|July 15, 2026

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This study introduces an affordable, ex vivo animal tissue model for surgical trainees to practice trocar placement. The simulation enhanced confidence, technical skills, and risk awareness in novice laparoscopic surgeons.

Area of Science:

Surgical Education
Minimally Invasive Surgery
Medical Simulation

Background:

Trocar placement is a critical, high-risk step in minimally invasive surgery.
Limited hands-on training opportunities exist for surgical trainees.
Current simulation models often lack tactile fidelity, realism, or are costly and inaccessible.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop an affordable trocar placement training model using ex vivo animal tissue.
To assess surgical trainees' perceptions of confidence, technical skills, and risk awareness after using the model.

Main Methods:

An ex vivo abdominal wall simulation model was created using stretched porcine and ovine tissues.
Medical students participated in workshops, receiving didactic instruction before using the models for trocar placement.

Keywords:

ex vivo model medical education minimally invasive surgery surgical simulation surgical training trocar placement

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Model fidelity and educational efficacy were evaluated via anonymous surveys assessing realism, confidence, and educational value.

Main Results:

97% of participants found the model valuable; 93% reported increased confidence in laparoscopic entry.
High realism scores were reported for tissue resistance (92%), layer simulation (85%), and tactile feedback (82%).
64% felt better prepared to recognize trocar-related complications, with strong support for curriculum integration.

Conclusions:

The ex vivo tissue model offers a realistic platform for foundational laparoscopic skill training.
Novice learners reported enhanced confidence, skill development, and procedural risk awareness.
This model bridges the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical psychomotor skills in surgical training.