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Regioselective heteroatom embedded ullazine framework: synthesis, structure-property relationships, and applications
Haiying Wang1, Shiyu Chen1, Zimeng Shao1
1Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China. chenglongli1991@email.tjut.edu.cn.
None:
Ullazine, a 16π-electron nitrogen-embedded polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, has emerged as a promising platform for organic electronics, combining intrinsic donor-acceptor character and highly tunable optoelectronic properties to deliver exceptional performance in dye-sensitized solar cells and organic photovoltaics. Recent advances have further expanded the functional space of ullazine derivatives through site-selective incorporation of additional heteroatoms, affording fine-tuning of frontier orbital energies, absorption/emission profiles, and charge-transport characteristics. This review systematically categorizes synthetic methodologies for aza-ullazines by substitution positions (C1/C2, C2'/C9', C4/C8, C5/C7, C6), discussing key synthetic strategies including Rh(III)-catalyzed C-H activation, Cu-mediated arylation/photocyclization, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, microwave-assisted cyclization, and BN/BO/BS isosteric replacement. Driven by the continuous evolution of heteroatom embedding strategies to afford interesting photophysical properties, ullazine-based π-systems are emerging as versatile building blocks for next-generation organic semiconductors.
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