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Updated: Aug 6, 2026

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Published on: December 6, 2016
Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Snoring: Diagnosis, Treatments, and Prognosis
Sean Duenas1, Luis Quintero1, Annamaria Iakovou1
1Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra-Northwell, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, NY, USA.
None:
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a heterogeneous disorder with varying clinical presentations and pathophysiologic mechanisms. Multiple studies demonstrated increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, impaired daytime function and quality of life in moderate to severe OSA. New sleep study metrics are being developed to better predict OSA-related cardiovascular risk that may help to target therapy to patients most likely to benefit. Novel treatments, including hypoglossal nerve stimulation, as well pharmacologic approaches, provide options to personalize therapy.
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