Comprehensive Evaluation of the Orthopedic Patient

This article outlines a practical approach for general practitioners to evaluate and diagnose orthopedic conditions in small animals. Thorough history-taking for cases of lameness is reviewed, and the determination of onset, duration, severity, progression, and response to treatment is emphasized. Gait evaluation is described, which can identify the affected limb, lameness severity, and suspected neurologic involvement. Standing orthopedic examination techniques help assess symmetry and joint effusion. The recumbent exam is used to determine the source of the lameness through the assessment of pain, instability, and the application of targeted examination techniques and maneuvers such as the cranial drawer test.