Recent Developments in Graphene-Based Adsorbents for Environmental Applications

Graphene and its derivatives have attracted sustained research interest as adsorbent materials for environmental applications, driven by their large surface area, chemically tunable surface, and compatibility with a wide range of functional modifications. This review covers recent developments in the use of graphene-based materials for water, air, and soil remediation, focusing primarily on work published over the last five years. A concise overview of graphene, its derivatives, and other carbon nanostructures, such as carbon nanotubes and fullerenes, is also provided. The main graphene derivatives are briefly described (graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, graphene nanoribbons, and graphene quantum dots) together with a comparative overview of the principal synthesis methods, from mechanical exfoliation and chemical vapor deposition to liquid-phase exfoliation, oxidation/reduction, and flash Joule heating. The discussion then turns to how surface functionalization and composite formation affect adsorption performance in practice. In water treatment, the results are most developed: functionalized composites have reached adsorption capacities of 484.3 mg g^-1 for organic dyes and 157.23 mg g^-1 for Cr(VI). Air purification is a smaller but growing area, with plasma-treated graphene aerogels achieving CO₂ capture capacities of 3.3 mmol g^-1 and retaining performance over 40 cycles. Soil remediation remains the least explored compartment, though arsenic immobilization efficiencies of up to 99.3% have been reported. Remaining challenges around scalability, behavior in real environmental matrices, and long-term ecotoxicological impact are identified and discussed.