Hypoxic Training for Judo: Practices, Perceptions and Education of Judo Athletes and Performance Staff

Hypoxic training is widely used to enhance endurance performance, yet its application in combat sports such as judo is poorly understood. This study explored (1) hypoxic training practices, (2) perceptions, and (3) educational pathways among judo athletes and performance staff (coaches/practitioners). A total of 173 judo athletes and 39 performance staff completed an online questionnaire covering participant characteristics, hypoxic practices, education, and perceptions. Closed-ended responses were analysed using frequency statistics, and open-ended responses using thematic analysis. Hypoxic training was not widely used, with most respondents reporting no engagement. Among participants currently using hypoxic training, the primary aim was to enhance sea-level performance (13.7%), with limited use for altitude competition (8.5%). Natural altitude was the most common modality, with 7.1% respondents currently using it, typically at ≤1500 m. Only 20.8% of participants reported receiving or delivering education on hypoxic training. Perceptions were mixed, with 38.7% agreeing it benefits judo performance, although agreement was higher among performance staff than athletes. Thematic analysis identified perceived benefits (e.g., time-efficient fitness gains) and drawbacks (e.g., cost, access, and scheduling constraints). Hypoxic training is not a common practice in judo, but amongst some respondents it is perceived as potentially beneficial; these perceptions should not be interpreted as evidence of effectiveness. Its use is primarily oriented towards improving sea-level performance, and current knowledge appears largely informal. Greater sport-specific guidance and education may support more informed application in practice.