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Menopause in Cancer Survivors
Mary Jane Minkin1, Lisa Larkin2, Maryam B Lustberg3
1Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Millions of women worldwide are diagnosed with cancer annually. Although most of these cancers do not directly impact reproductive organs, the cancer therapies used treat these tumors, namely surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapies and hormonal agents, can drastically alter women's lives forever. The direct effects of cancer treatment on reproductive organs may alter fertility and induce temporary or permanent menopause. The psychological and physiologic impact of menopause on survivors is enormous. The loss of estrogen impacts cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and neurologic health, quality of life, and long-term well-being.
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However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
Cancer Therapies
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...