Alcohol and Energy Drink Use Among Adolescents and Young Adults: Insights from the ALIMA Study

Adolescence is a critical developmental stage marked by increased susceptibility to engaging in risky health behaviors, including the use of alcohol, energy drinks (EDs), and tobacco products.

A cross-sectional sample of 1249 individuals aged 10-24 years was analyzed, stratified into two age groups (<16 and >16 years). The study sample comprised volunteers living in Rome, Italy, who were recruited for the ALIMA (ALImentazione Multiculturale negli Adolescenti) study. Categorical variables were analysed using the Pearson chi-square test and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Alcohol consumption was higher among participants aged ≥16 years (62.2%) than among those age <16 years (39.9%), without significant gender difference, with binge drinking also more common, especially among older males. ED use was widespread, more frequent in males, and often associated with alcohol consumption. Smoking prevalence differed by age group, reaching 41.5% among participants over 16 years of age, with higher rates among younger females. Finally, 17.3% reported combined use of alcohol, EDs, and tobacco, with significant gender differences in both age groups.

These findings highlight a clear age-related escalation and co-occurrence of substance-use behaviors, with emerging gender differences in specific patterns. The results underscore the need for integrated, age-targeted prevention strategies addressing multiple substance use simultaneously to reduce long-term health risks and promote adolescent well-being.