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Defining Bidirectional Violence in Intimate Relationships: A Scoping Review of Conceptual and Operational Challenges
Andreia Machado1, Marta Sousa1, Olga Cunha2,3
1Lusófona University, Porto, Portugal.
Trauma, Violence & Abuse
|July 29, 2026
Summary
Bidirectional violence in intimate relationships lacks a clear definition, hindering research and clinical practice. This review proposes a unified definition to improve understanding and intervention for mutual intimate partner violence.
Area of Science:
- Psychology
- Sociology
- Criminology
Background:
- Bidirectional violence (BV) in intimate relationships is increasingly recognized but inconsistently defined.
- Conceptual fragmentation of BV poses challenges for research, clinical practice, and policy.
- Existing typologies and terms like 'mutual' or 'reciprocal violence' lack consensus.
Purpose of the Study:
- To map the conceptual definitions and operationalizations of BV in empirical and theoretical studies.
- To identify heterogeneity in terminology and usage related to BV.
- To propose an integrative definition of BV.
Main Methods:
- A scoping review following PRISMA and PRISMA-ScR guidelines.
- Analysis of 82 peer-reviewed articles published between 1995 and January 2025.
- Inclusion of studies from diverse disciplines and methodologies.
Main Results:
- Significant heterogeneity in terminology and definitions of BV was found.
- Common terms include 'bidirectional violence,' 'mutual violence,' 'reciprocal violence,' and 'victim-perpetrator overlap.'
- Lack of consensus in definitions and operationalization hinders consistent research and practice.
Conclusions:
- An integrative, minimal definition of BV is proposed, emphasizing relational dynamics, motivational asymmetry, and escalation.
- Conceptual clarity and standardized frameworks are urgently needed for research, clinical assessment, and policy.
- Improved understanding of BV is crucial for addressing intimate partner violence involving both partners.
Keywords:
Johnson’s typologybidirectional violenceconceptual definitionsintimate partner violencesystemic approachMore Related Videos
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