Adaptive Coacervate Microreactors with Broad pH/Thermal Tolerance for Reaction Acceleration

Coacervate microdroplets accelerate reactions owing to either their interfacial electrical field or confined intracoacervate environment. The products yielded at both sites prefer to accumulate within the coacervates. This internal crowding disrupts local physicochemical conditions, challenging the stability of the coacervate to maintain reaction rates. We demonstrate that the abiological coacervate formed by liquid-liquid phase separation induced by polycation-multivalent anion electrostatic interactions could tolerate an external temperature span of 19-41 °C and pH range of 4-11. Internal heat generated from hydrazone bond formation enhances the fluidity of coacervate microdroplets, which increases the mobility of concentrated substrates and results in a 14.5-fold increase in production rate. We further revealed that these coacervates buffer inner pH oscillations through amino protonation and phosphate-proton interactions performed with a dual-enzyme cascade reaction. The dynamic thermal and pH adaptability of this abiological coacervate microreactor stabilizes enzyme conformations, ensuring consistent reaction rates and product yields, highlighting its potential in industrial biocatalysis and precision medicine.