National Trends In US Opioid-Related Hospitalizations, 2016-23

The opioid crisis has remained a public health challenge in the US for more than two decades. After increasing from 2002 to 2012, opioid-related hospitalizations decreased from 2016 to 2019, but more recent trends are unknown. We sought to determine trends in incidence and outcomes of US opioid-related hospitalizations in recent years. We conducted a serial cross-sectional study of adult primary and secondary opioid-related hospitalizations, using the 2016-23 National Inpatient Survey and regression models, annual percent change, and z-tests to examine change during the study period. Measures included annual opioid-related hospitalizations, hospital stay outcomes, and sociodemographic characteristics. Among the 1.48 million opioid-related hospitalizations during 2016-23, survey-weighted to 7.42 million, 0.93 million were classified as primary and 6.49 million as secondary opioid-related hospitalizations. Hospitalizations decreased through 2023 for all groups except patients who were Hispanic or Native American, who reported Medicaid as their payer, or who were older than age sixty-five. The greatest decline occurred among people younger than age thirty-five. The proportion of hospitalizations ending in death and self-directed discharge increased by 0.58 percentage points and 2.68 percentage points, respectively. Overall, differential reductions in opioid-related hospitalizations and increasing mortality and self-directed discharge highlight opportunities for interventions.