Metabolic reprogramming in cardiac fibrosis: mechanisms, crosstalk, and therapeutic interventions

Cardiac fibrosis is a pathological process accompanied by the development of cardiovascular diseases, which is mainly manifested as excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) of the heart muscle. Recent studies indicate that metabolic reprogramming significantly influences fibroblast activation, collagen deposition, and the fibrotic process by reshaping glycolytic, lipid, and amino acid metabolic pathways. This paper systematically reviews the mechanism of metabolic reprogramming in cardiac fibrosis and puts forward potential intervention strategies from a critical perspective. Although metabolic reprogramming shows potential in regulating cardiac fibrosis, its practical application still faces major challenges. Future research should strive to build a comprehensive research framework and promote metabolic reprogramming research to open a new way of precise intervention for the prevention and treatment of cardiac fibrosis through cross-technological innovation and precise regulation.