Whole and Sprouted Cereals as Nutritional Modulators of the Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Inflammation in IBD

Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), known as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), result from a complex interaction of genetic, immunological, microbial and environmental factors. There is growing evidence suggesting that imbalances in the gut microbiota, or dysbiosis, play a causal role in IBD and are strongly influenced by aspects of the Western lifestyle. Diet is an important modulator of gut health, and whole cereals have attracted attention for their potential to positively shape gut microbiota and intestinal function. Germination further enhances the content of prebiotic substrates and bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, GABA and fiber, which may modulate inflammation, oxidative stress and immune responses. In vitro and clinical studies suggest that these compounds may reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines and improve symptoms in IBD, although robust evidence in patients is still lacking. Here, we provide an overview of whole and sprouted cereals and their effects on inflammation and gut microbiota, with particular focus on IBD. We also discuss the potential of sprouted grains as a complementary approach to diet alongside conventional therapy, highlighting their possible support to gut health to mitigate inflammation. Finally, we emphasize the need for further well-designed clinical studies to confirm their therapeutic potential and to better understand the mechanisms underlying their beneficial effects.