Artificial Intelligence in Xenotransplantation: A Prioritized Roadmap for Early Clinical Translation, Opportunities...

Xenotransplantation represents a potential solution to the persistent global organ shortage, yet its clinical application remains stalled by complex immunologic responses, coagulation dysregulation, species-specific biology, and infectious risks. Artificial intelligence (AI) could enhance safety, accelerate decision-making, and enable precision medicine initiatives within this rapidly evolving field. However, effective implementation of AI in xenotransplantation requires approaches specifically adapted to the biological and operational complexities of cross-species transplantation. Here, we present our suggestion of a prioritized roadmap for integrating AI into early clinical xenotransplantation, based on clinical need, data availability, technical readiness, feasibility of clinician-supervised implementation, and potential impact on graft assessment and safety monitoring. Priority domains include digital pathology and imaging, machine perfusion-based viability monitoring, multimodal and multi-omics detection of graft injury and rejection, and surveillance for potential xenozoonotic infections. One of the essential prerequisites to ensure the development of reliable AI in xenotransplantation is to develop standardized definitions of xenograft injury phenotypes and ground truth datasets, which in this emerging field are currently lacking. The limitations to the application of AI in xenotransplantation, which include the lack of clinical data, species-specific differences, and delays in annotations and regulations, can be addressed via data sharing, federated learning, fairness, and validation. By combining gene-edited donors and refined immunosuppression regimens with clinically supervised, auditable, and transplant-specific, AI-based support systems, xenotransplantation could be made safer and more reproducible in the clinical arena.