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Updated: Aug 30, 2026
Habituation and Prepulse Inhibition of Acoustic Startle in Rodents
Published on: September 1, 2011
Early Developmental Characterization of Gap-Induced Prepulse Inhibition and Habituation of Auditory Startle Response
Abdullah Abdullah1,2,3,4, Xiuping Liu5, Kartikeya Murari6,7,8
1Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada, abdullah.abdullah1@ucalgary.ca.
Introduction:
Atypical sensory processing, particularly auditory hypersensitivity, is a common and debilitating phenotype of fragile X syndrome (FXS). Electrophysiology studies in the FMR1-knockout (KO) mice previously observed hyperexcitability at the auditory cortex (AC), with enhanced neuronal firing to auditory stimuli. Prepulse inhibition, a behavioral measure of sensorimotor gating, is robustly impaired in FXS individuals. Interestingly, a related paradigm called gap-induced inhibition of the acoustic startle (GPIAS) is mediated by the AC, and a previous study observed decreased GPIAS in mature FMR1-KO mice. Further, habituation is also an important sensory filtering mechanism, which has been reported to be impaired in mature FMR1-KO mice. However, not much is known about GPIAS and habituation in the FMR1-KO mice during early development.
Methods:
We evaluated GPIAS in male and female FMR1-KO mice at post-natal days 15 (P15), 20 (P20), and 30 (P30). The paradigm consisted of a prepulse stimulus (gap in continuous background noise) followed by a startle stimulus, at inter-stimulus intervals of 50 and 100 ms. Habituation was assessed prior to the GPIAS trials, with a series of startle only stimulus.
Results:
We observed a trend for genotype difference in acoustic startle response (ASR) magnitude, particularly in the female mice at P30. No significant genotype differences were noted in GPIAS or latency of ASR. Response duration was significantly increased in the male FMR1-KO mice compared to their WT counterparts during early development. Significant genotype differences were also observed in habituation and sensitization. In terms of development, we observed a significant increase in GPIAS with maturation. Furthermore, we also observed significant changes in the magnitude, response latency, and duration of ASR with maturation. Finally, significant sex differences were observed in ASR magnitude and duration.
Conclusion:
Our findings suggest that behavioral responses to auditory stimuli are dynamic during development and differ between females and males. This is an important consideration for future study designs and highlights the need for mechanistic studies to further understand the development- and sex-related differences. Additionally, the FMR1-KO mice display habituation deficits during early development, which could be an ideal window for addressing auditory hypersensitivity in FXS.
