Overcoming barriers to neurosurgical care with technology and innovation

Technological advancements show great potential in transforming and advancing global surgery. Compared to general medicine, technology in neurosurgery has seen an explosive growth in recent years in ways that directly address accessibility. New, rapidly developing innovations pave the way for the expansion of neurosurgical care worldwide, particularly in areas with historically limited access to such facilities, personnel, clinical expertise, or financial means. Here, we present promising innovations like telemedicine, online collaborative platforms (OCPs), immersive technology (IT), and clinical artificial intelligence (AI) and their implementation in mitigating barriers to neurosurgical care. We argue how these tools enhance communications between providers and patients, streamline intraoperative workflows, and democratise access to neurosurgical education and training by reducing resource demands such as time, travel, and human labour. It is necessary, though, to identify how these technologies can be most successful in the context of global neurosurgery. In addition to reviewing these various technological avenues, we explore the nuances associated with the implementation and reported outcomes for each tool-highlighting challenges and opportunities for further innovation.