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Solid-phase Synthesis of [4.4] Spirocyclic Oximes
Published on: February 6, 2019
Ag-Mediated Sulfonyl-Alkenylation of Unactivated Alkynes via Intramolecular C(sp2)-H Cyclization toward
Mei-Jin Gao1, Long-Jin Zhong1, Peng-Fei Huang1
1Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang414006, China.
Abstract:
1,2-Dihydropyridines and sulfonyl compounds are widely found in bioactive molecules and functional materials. Herein, a silver-mediated radical sulfonyl-alkenylation of vinylamino-linked alkynes with sodium sulfinates via intramolecular C(sp2)-H cyclization for producing sulfonylated 1,2-dihydropyridines in a highly selective manner was developed. The two-component alkyne sulfonyl-alkenylation enables the construction of two new bonds, including a C(sp2)-S bond and a C(sp2)-C(sp2) bond, through the sulfonyl radical formation, selective radical across the alkyne moiety and alkenylation cascades, and represents an efficient route to preparing a series of sulfonylated 1,2-dihydropyridines with up to 98% yields with high regioselectivities and good functional group tolerance.
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Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation
One of the convenient methods for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones is via hydration of alkynes. Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes is an indirect hydration reaction in which an alkyne is treated with borane followed by oxidation with alkaline peroxide to form an enol that rapidly converts into an aldehyde or a ketone. Terminal alkynes form aldehydes, whereas internal alkynes give ketones as the final product.
Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Acid-Catalyzed Hydration
Analogous to alkenes, alkynes also undergo acid-catalyzed hydration. While the addition of water to an alkene gives an alcohol, hydration of alkynes produces different products such as aldehydes and ketones.
Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation
Halogenation is another class of electrophilic addition reactions where a halogen molecule gets added across a π bond. In alkynes, the presence of two π bonds allows for the addition of two equivalents of halogens (bromine or chlorine). The addition of the first halogen molecule forms a trans-dihaloalkene as the major product and the cis isomer as the minor product. Subsequent addition of the second equivalent yields the tetrahalide.
Preparation of Alkynes: Alkylation Reaction
Alkylation of terminal alkynes with primary alkyl halides in the presence of a strong base like sodium amide is one of the common methods for the synthesis of longer carbon-chain alkynes. For example, treatment of 1-propyne with sodium amide followed by reaction with ethyl bromide yields 2-pentyne.
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