Micro/Nanoscale Acoustic Manipulation: From Particle Control to Autonomous Microswimmers

Acoustic manipulation and propulsion technologies have emerged as powerful platforms for micro/nanoscale control, enabled by their non-contact operation, label-free compatibility, biocompatibility, and strong penetration capability. This review systematically examines the physical mechanisms and recent advances in acoustically enabled passive particle manipulation and autonomous microswimmer propulsion. First, this article outlines the generation and propagation of acoustic waves and their fundamental interactions with matter, with emphasis on acoustic radiation forces and acoustic streaming. It then classifies representative device architectures and acoustic field modulation strategies based on bulk acoustic wave and surface acoustic wave systems. Building on this framework, recent progress in precise target manipulation across diverse media is synthesized, encompassing trapping, transport, enrichment, separation, and patterning. Furthermore, the review highlights the rapidly evolving field of acoustically driven microswimmers, analyzing autonomous propulsion mechanisms arising from shape- and density-induced asymmetries, cavitation phenomena, and sharp-edge oscillations, as well as recent advances in collective behavior, swarm coordination, and intelligent navigation. By delineating the developmental trajectory and key challenges of acoustic manipulation and propulsion, this review establishes a comprehensive knowledge framework for interdisciplinary researchers and highlights future opportunities in precision medicine, smart materials, micro/nano-fabrication, and cross-scale biological manipulation.