How internationalization in pharmacy education is delivered: A scoping review of experiences and lessons learned

In pharmacy education, global outreach initiatives take diverse forms, each with distinct advantages and challenges. This scoping review examines the literature on international collaborations among pharmacy institutions, highlighting key outcomes, challenges, and insights for future partnerships.

A systematic search of Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, and Embase was conducted up to March 2024. The study adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist. Data were extracted using structured tables, independently reviewed, and cross-checked in two groups of two researchers. A final review of the table was performed by a designated reviewer, and the extracted data were subsequently structured into broader categories.

Seventy-one studies were included, with forty four full-text articles analyzed in detail and the remaining conference abstracts summarized in tables. Eight collaboration types were identified. Thematic analysis yielded nine outcome categories and nine challenge categories. The most frequently reported outcome categories were "teaching-learning activities and curriculum" (65.9%), "personal growth and professional development" (61.4%), and "global health and community engagement" (47.7%). The most frequently reported challenges were "logistical and operational issues" (68.2%) and "cultural and language barriers" (47.7%). Different international collaboration models contributed to various professional, educational, institutional, personal, and healthcare-related outcomes.

This review indicates that more well-supported international learning structures may help pharmacy programs achieve more durable educational benefits. Future studies should explore the long-term impacts of such approaches and identify strategies to overcome barriers to sustaining international partnerships.