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Symptoms, Triggers, and Prodromes of Hereditary Angioedema in the Pakistani Population
Muhammad Hussain1, Muhammad Omair Riaz1, Mustajab Alam1
1Department of Immunology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
Abstract:
This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Department of Immunology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology/ CMH / NUMS, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from September 2021 to December 2024. It aimed to identify the frequency of common presentations, triggers, and prodromes of hereditary angioedema (HAE) in the Pakistani population. Fifty HAE cases were screened using a specially designed questionnaire. The most common symptom was abdominal pain (92%), followed by swelling of hands and feet (66%), eyelids (60%), lips (58%), face (56%), laryngeal oedema (56%), and genital swelling (28%). Common triggers included food (42%), stress (42%), infection/fever (34%), trauma/surgery (22%), and fatigue (20%). The most frequent prodrome was discomfort at the site of swelling (64%), followed by tingling (36%), nausea (22%), asthenia (16%), fatigue (16%), and rash (4%). HAE is underdiagnosed in Pakistan due to limited awareness and diagnostic facilities. Recognising its clinical features is essential for early diagnosis, management, and improved outcomes. Key Words: Clinical features, C1 esterase, C4 levels, Hereditary angioedema, Prodromes, Triggers.
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