Biogenic silver nanoparticle coupled MnO₂/MXene hybrid for enhanced electrochemical performance in supercapacitors

The development of high-performance, sustainable electrodes remains a key challenge for next-generation supercapacitors. A ternary hybrid of MnO₂, MXene, and biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was designed as an advanced electrode material. AgNPs were synthesized via a green, cost-effective route using Camellia stamen extract, providing environmental compatibility and functional surface chemistry. The MnO₂/MXene framework combines the high theoretical capacitance of MnO₂ with the excellent conductivity of MXene. Incorporation of AgNPs enhances electrical pathways and accelerates charge transfer at the electrode-electrolyte interface. Structural analyses confirm uniform AgNP distribution, increasing active surface area and electrochemical accessibility. Electrochemical tests show that the AgNP-integrated MnO₂/MXene electrode delivers superior capacitance, rate capability, and cycling stability compared to binary analogues. The enhanced performance arises from the synergistic interaction of MnO₂, MXene, and AgNPs, which supports both surface-controlled and diffusion-assisted charge storage processes. This approach highlights the potential of green-synthesized nanomaterials for efficient hybrid electrode design.