Health-Related Services Using Digital Devices for the General Public in Pragmatic Trials: A Scoping Review

The rapid evolution of digital devices has significantly impacted the healthcare industry, necessitating an examination of their usability. To provide evidence-based services, it is crucial to validate the results of pragmatic trials utilizing digital devices for the general public. This scoping review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of pragmatic trials utilizing digital devices for the general public, elucidating device types and evaluation processes, specifically in the context of health-related services. We conducted the scoping review by using the PRISMA-ScR checklist. MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched without restrictions on publication dates. Our review examined published articles concerning health-related services utilizing digital health devices in pragmatic trials involving the general public. We retrieved 987 records, and 24 articles were reviewed. The studies included digital screening for early detection of arrhythmia by using smartwatches and patches, and tracking physical activity through pedometers, accelerometers, and smartwatches. Twelve studies involved outcome evaluation, with eight reporting effective results and four reporting ineffective results. Other studies included process evaluation, economic evaluation, author manuscripts, substudies, and pooled analysis results. Limitations identified in the review include the inability of some individuals to use digital devices and uncertainty regarding long-term effects. Health-related services for the general public through pragmatic trials aim to promote health and prevent diseases, detect diseases early, and facilitate rehabilitation. To implement evidence-based health services that promote good health, it is essential to conduct multifaceted evaluations, including economic evaluations for stakeholders, to address limitations and identify barriers to implementation.