Pitfalls and Complications in Surgery of the Breast and Axilla

Surgery of the breast and axilla, encompassing breast-conserving surgery, mastectomy, and axillary staging procedures, is among the most commonly performed oncologic operations worldwide. These procedures carry a distinct set of pitfalls and complications that can significantly impact patient outcomes, delay adjuvant therapy, and diminish quality of life. This article reviews the most clinically relevant complications encountered during breast and axillary surgery including positive surgical margins, hematoma, seroma, wound infection, mastectomy skin flap necrosis, nerve injury, and lymphedema. Current evidence-based strategies for prevention, early recognition, and management of these complications are discussed, with attention to emerging techniques and standards of care.