Splenectomy

This article describes the anatomy and function of the spleen and presents the key concepts relevant for the surgeon operating on the spleen for a variety of clinical conditions. The spleen is the largest secondary lymphoid organ, essential for immune defense, blood filtration, and hematologic regulation. It develops embryologically from mesoderm and may form accessory spleens if fusion is incomplete. Anatomically located in the left upper quadrant, it is supplied by the splenic artery and supported by ligamentous attachments. Splenectomy remains important for trauma, hematologic diseases, malignancy, and infections. Preoperative planning includes imaging, vaccination, and risk assessment.