Reversible Ag-based electrodeposition electrochromic technology and its application in smart windows

Electrochromic technology, which enables dynamic modulation of optical properties in smart materials, holds significant promise for applications such as energy-efficient buildings and intelligent displays. In recent years, a novel electrochromic system based on the electrodeposition and dissolution of silver ions (Ag⁺) has attracted considerable attention owing to its unique optical modulation capabilities and excellent electrochemical reversibility. By controlling the deposition morphology of Ag on various electrode surfaces to form uniform films, nanoparticles, or dendritic structures, this system achieves reversible switching among transparent, black, mirror-like, and even multicolor states. It offers advantages such as high optical contrast, fast response times, and good cycling stability. This review provides a systematic overview of Ag-based electrodeposition electrochromic systems, covering their fundamental principles, key performance metrics, critical materials (electrolytes and electrodes), device architectures, and application progress in smart windows. Future research directions and development prospects are also discussed.