Ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma: a case report and literature review

Ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma (GCOC) is an exceedingly rare malignant odontogenic epithelial tumor, distinguished by the presence of ghost cells. GCOC exhibits nonspecific clinical and radiologic features, such as variable pain, swelling, and osteolytic destruction without distinct periosteal reaction, and can be locally destructive and invasive, with the potential for distant metastases. Currently, no effective systemic therapy is recommended for patients. We present a case of a 56-year-old male patient diagnosed with GCOC involving the maxilla, along with a review of the previous literature. The patient underwent en bloc resection of the tumor. However, the tumor recurred 3 months later, and the patient opted for conservative management. Unfortunately, the patient passed away 2 weeks after the recurrence. Based on the case presentation and literature review, we conclude that GCOC represents an aggressive malignancy with a high potential for local recurrence and metastatic disease. This necessitates preoperative accurate imaging diagnosis to guide radical resection, and highlights the need for effective adjuvant therapies, which are currently unavailable, to prevent rapid disease progression and mortality.