Human exposure to nickel.

Area of Science:

• Environmental Science
• Toxicology
• Occupational Health

Background:

• Nickel is a ubiquitous element found throughout the biosphere, with humans exposed through various environmental and occupational pathways.
• Nickel's industrial applications include alloys, batteries, plating, catalysts, and pigments, leading to potential human exposure during production and use.
• Dietary intake of nickel varies, with vegetables, legumes, and certain processed foods like cocoa powder being significant sources.

Purpose of the Study:

• To comprehensively review the diverse sources and variability of human nickel exposure.
• To highlight the significance of occupational nickel exposure and environmental contamination.
• To identify key areas for preventive measures to control nickel exposure.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of studies on nickel occurrence in the environment, food, and occupational settings.
• Analysis of factors influencing nickel absorption and retention in the human body.
• Assessment of nickel's role in contact dermatitis and allergic reactions.

Main Results:

• Human nickel exposure is highly variable, originating from occupational sources, diet, and skin contact with nickel-containing products.
• Occupational exposure in nickel-related industries can lead to significant airborne nickel intake.
• Leaching from food processing, water pipes, and consumer products contributes to dietary and cutaneous nickel exposure.

Conclusions:

• Occupational nickel exposure is a major concern requiring stringent control measures.
• Environmental nickel contamination and leaching from consumer goods significantly impact overall human exposure.
• Effective prevention strategies must address industrial emissions, dietary sources, and consumer product safety to mitigate nickel-related health risks.