Ultrasonographic evaluation of the kidney

The kidney is a readily accessible organ to the ultrasonographer. In the past several years, improvements in instrumentation have allowed detailed visualization of the normal renal architecture as well as disease processes involving the kidney. Ultrasonographic evaluation should be considered a complementary modality to the intravenous pyelogram, and in cases where contrast material is contraindicated, it may become a primary imaging technique of the kidneys. The indications for a renal ultrasonic examination, techniques, and methods of imaging the kidney as well as normal anatomy will be presented. A review of several renal abnormalities will include mass lesions, hydroenphrosis, pediatric applications, assessment of transplants, and interventional techniques. An integrated radiologic approach to renal disease, including intravenous pyelography, ultrasonography, computed tomography, and angiography, will be suggested.